Optimal way to prove smooth homotopy between polynomials











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I am trying to prove that given $p: hat{mathbb{C}} to hat{mathbb{C}}$ a polynomial given by $p(z)=a_nz^n+...+a_0$ then, $p$ is smoothly homotopic to the polynomial $q(z)=a_nz^n$. I am using the homotopy $F: hat{mathbb{C}} times [0,1] to hat{mathbb{C}}$, given by $F(z,t)=a_nz^n+t(a_{n-1}z^{n-1}+...+a_0)$. I can prove that this is an homotopy (its continous), the smooth part is what troubles me, since it looks like a bunch of calculations, and a lot of ''dirty'' work.



Lets say I want to keep my hands clean...How can I go about proving that $F$ is smooth? I have thought about approximating the homotopy by smooth maps but really do not know if I actually can, and if I can, how do I assure the smooth map I took, ''connects'' $p$ to $q$?



If it helps: I want to use this to prove that the Brouwer degree of a polynomial at $hat{mathbb{C}}$ is its actual degree.



Thanks in advance






differential-topology homotopy-theory







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  • $F:mathbb{C}timesmathbb{R}tomathbb{C}$ is a polynomial in $(z,t)$. Is it not given, in your class, that such functions between euclidean spaces are smooth?
    – Prototank
    Nov 29 at 14:06










  • @Prototank : Yes... but my function is defined in $hat{mathbb{C}}$ (i.e. $S^2$), and there is a subtlety there with the north pole, in fact differentiability elsewhere is given. My problem is pretty much at $N=(0,0,1)$ or $infty$ if you will.
    – Bajo Fondo
    Nov 29 at 23:19










  • I think it is fine, since $F$ fixes $infty$ for all $t$.
    – Prototank
    Nov 30 at 0:24















up vote
0
down vote

favorite












I am trying to prove that given $p: hat{mathbb{C}} to hat{mathbb{C}}$ a polynomial given by $p(z)=a_nz^n+...+a_0$ then, $p$ is smoothly homotopic to the polynomial $q(z)=a_nz^n$. I am using the homotopy $F: hat{mathbb{C}} times [0,1] to hat{mathbb{C}}$, given by $F(z,t)=a_nz^n+t(a_{n-1}z^{n-1}+...+a_0)$. I can prove that this is an homotopy (its continous), the smooth part is what troubles me, since it looks like a bunch of calculations, and a lot of ''dirty'' work.



Lets say I want to keep my hands clean...How can I go about proving that $F$ is smooth? I have thought about approximating the homotopy by smooth maps but really do not know if I actually can, and if I can, how do I assure the smooth map I took, ''connects'' $p$ to $q$?



If it helps: I want to use this to prove that the Brouwer degree of a polynomial at $hat{mathbb{C}}$ is its actual degree.



Thanks in advance






differential-topology homotopy-theory







share|cite|improve this question






















  • $F:mathbb{C}timesmathbb{R}tomathbb{C}$ is a polynomial in $(z,t)$. Is it not given, in your class, that such functions between euclidean spaces are smooth?
    – Prototank
    Nov 29 at 14:06










  • @Prototank : Yes... but my function is defined in $hat{mathbb{C}}$ (i.e. $S^2$), and there is a subtlety there with the north pole, in fact differentiability elsewhere is given. My problem is pretty much at $N=(0,0,1)$ or $infty$ if you will.
    – Bajo Fondo
    Nov 29 at 23:19










  • I think it is fine, since $F$ fixes $infty$ for all $t$.
    – Prototank
    Nov 30 at 0:24













up vote
0
down vote

favorite









up vote
0
down vote

favorite











I am trying to prove that given $p: hat{mathbb{C}} to hat{mathbb{C}}$ a polynomial given by $p(z)=a_nz^n+...+a_0$ then, $p$ is smoothly homotopic to the polynomial $q(z)=a_nz^n$. I am using the homotopy $F: hat{mathbb{C}} times [0,1] to hat{mathbb{C}}$, given by $F(z,t)=a_nz^n+t(a_{n-1}z^{n-1}+...+a_0)$. I can prove that this is an homotopy (its continous), the smooth part is what troubles me, since it looks like a bunch of calculations, and a lot of ''dirty'' work.



Lets say I want to keep my hands clean...How can I go about proving that $F$ is smooth? I have thought about approximating the homotopy by smooth maps but really do not know if I actually can, and if I can, how do I assure the smooth map I took, ''connects'' $p$ to $q$?



If it helps: I want to use this to prove that the Brouwer degree of a polynomial at $hat{mathbb{C}}$ is its actual degree.



Thanks in advance






differential-topology homotopy-theory







share|cite|improve this question













I am trying to prove that given $p: hat{mathbb{C}} to hat{mathbb{C}}$ a polynomial given by $p(z)=a_nz^n+...+a_0$ then, $p$ is smoothly homotopic to the polynomial $q(z)=a_nz^n$. I am using the homotopy $F: hat{mathbb{C}} times [0,1] to hat{mathbb{C}}$, given by $F(z,t)=a_nz^n+t(a_{n-1}z^{n-1}+...+a_0)$. I can prove that this is an homotopy (its continous), the smooth part is what troubles me, since it looks like a bunch of calculations, and a lot of ''dirty'' work.



Lets say I want to keep my hands clean...How can I go about proving that $F$ is smooth? I have thought about approximating the homotopy by smooth maps but really do not know if I actually can, and if I can, how do I assure the smooth map I took, ''connects'' $p$ to $q$?



If it helps: I want to use this to prove that the Brouwer degree of a polynomial at $hat{mathbb{C}}$ is its actual degree.



Thanks in advance






differential-topology homotopy-theory




differential-topology homotopy-theory






share|cite|improve this question













share|cite|improve this question











share|cite|improve this question




share|cite|improve this question










asked Nov 28 at 21:32









Bajo Fondo

390214




390214












  • $F:mathbb{C}timesmathbb{R}tomathbb{C}$ is a polynomial in $(z,t)$. Is it not given, in your class, that such functions between euclidean spaces are smooth?
    – Prototank
    Nov 29 at 14:06










  • @Prototank : Yes... but my function is defined in $hat{mathbb{C}}$ (i.e. $S^2$), and there is a subtlety there with the north pole, in fact differentiability elsewhere is given. My problem is pretty much at $N=(0,0,1)$ or $infty$ if you will.
    – Bajo Fondo
    Nov 29 at 23:19










  • I think it is fine, since $F$ fixes $infty$ for all $t$.
    – Prototank
    Nov 30 at 0:24


















  • $F:mathbb{C}timesmathbb{R}tomathbb{C}$ is a polynomial in $(z,t)$. Is it not given, in your class, that such functions between euclidean spaces are smooth?
    – Prototank
    Nov 29 at 14:06










  • @Prototank : Yes... but my function is defined in $hat{mathbb{C}}$ (i.e. $S^2$), and there is a subtlety there with the north pole, in fact differentiability elsewhere is given. My problem is pretty much at $N=(0,0,1)$ or $infty$ if you will.
    – Bajo Fondo
    Nov 29 at 23:19










  • I think it is fine, since $F$ fixes $infty$ for all $t$.
    – Prototank
    Nov 30 at 0:24
















$F:mathbb{C}timesmathbb{R}tomathbb{C}$ is a polynomial in $(z,t)$. Is it not given, in your class, that such functions between euclidean spaces are smooth?
– Prototank
Nov 29 at 14:06




$F:mathbb{C}timesmathbb{R}tomathbb{C}$ is a polynomial in $(z,t)$. Is it not given, in your class, that such functions between euclidean spaces are smooth?
– Prototank
Nov 29 at 14:06












@Prototank : Yes... but my function is defined in $hat{mathbb{C}}$ (i.e. $S^2$), and there is a subtlety there with the north pole, in fact differentiability elsewhere is given. My problem is pretty much at $N=(0,0,1)$ or $infty$ if you will.
– Bajo Fondo
Nov 29 at 23:19




@Prototank : Yes... but my function is defined in $hat{mathbb{C}}$ (i.e. $S^2$), and there is a subtlety there with the north pole, in fact differentiability elsewhere is given. My problem is pretty much at $N=(0,0,1)$ or $infty$ if you will.
– Bajo Fondo
Nov 29 at 23:19












I think it is fine, since $F$ fixes $infty$ for all $t$.
– Prototank
Nov 30 at 0:24




I think it is fine, since $F$ fixes $infty$ for all $t$.
– Prototank
Nov 30 at 0:24










1 Answer
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First write $z=x+iy$ and $a_k=b_k+ic_k$ for all $k$. Then we can rearrange $F(x,y,t)=a_n(x+iy)^n+t(a_{n-1}(x+iy)^{n-1}+...+a_0)$ so that $F(x,y,t)=u(x,y,t)+iv(x,y,t)$, where the component functions $u$ and $v$ are elements of $mathbb{R}[x,y,t]$. Then, since $u$ and $v$ are just polynomials in several variables, they are infinitely differentiable in each variable. It follows that $F$ is also inifinitely differentiable in each variable. So $F:mathbb{R}^3tomathbb{R}^2$ is smooth.






share|cite|improve this answer





















  • Does $F$ being smooth from $mathbb{R}^3$ to $mathbb{R}^2$ assures smoothness in $S^2 times [0,1]$ to $S^2$?
    – Bajo Fondo
    Nov 29 at 23:22












  • Think about it this way, if $F$ was defined as in $F(z,t)=t(a_nz^n+..+a_0)$ then in $mathbb{R}^3$ it would be contiunous and smooth as in your proof above. But you can actually check, this function is not even continous on $S^2$
    – Bajo Fondo
    Nov 30 at 19:36













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First write $z=x+iy$ and $a_k=b_k+ic_k$ for all $k$. Then we can rearrange $F(x,y,t)=a_n(x+iy)^n+t(a_{n-1}(x+iy)^{n-1}+...+a_0)$ so that $F(x,y,t)=u(x,y,t)+iv(x,y,t)$, where the component functions $u$ and $v$ are elements of $mathbb{R}[x,y,t]$. Then, since $u$ and $v$ are just polynomials in several variables, they are infinitely differentiable in each variable. It follows that $F$ is also inifinitely differentiable in each variable. So $F:mathbb{R}^3tomathbb{R}^2$ is smooth.






share|cite|improve this answer





















  • Does $F$ being smooth from $mathbb{R}^3$ to $mathbb{R}^2$ assures smoothness in $S^2 times [0,1]$ to $S^2$?
    – Bajo Fondo
    Nov 29 at 23:22












  • Think about it this way, if $F$ was defined as in $F(z,t)=t(a_nz^n+..+a_0)$ then in $mathbb{R}^3$ it would be contiunous and smooth as in your proof above. But you can actually check, this function is not even continous on $S^2$
    – Bajo Fondo
    Nov 30 at 19:36

















up vote
0
down vote













First write $z=x+iy$ and $a_k=b_k+ic_k$ for all $k$. Then we can rearrange $F(x,y,t)=a_n(x+iy)^n+t(a_{n-1}(x+iy)^{n-1}+...+a_0)$ so that $F(x,y,t)=u(x,y,t)+iv(x,y,t)$, where the component functions $u$ and $v$ are elements of $mathbb{R}[x,y,t]$. Then, since $u$ and $v$ are just polynomials in several variables, they are infinitely differentiable in each variable. It follows that $F$ is also inifinitely differentiable in each variable. So $F:mathbb{R}^3tomathbb{R}^2$ is smooth.






share|cite|improve this answer





















  • Does $F$ being smooth from $mathbb{R}^3$ to $mathbb{R}^2$ assures smoothness in $S^2 times [0,1]$ to $S^2$?
    – Bajo Fondo
    Nov 29 at 23:22












  • Think about it this way, if $F$ was defined as in $F(z,t)=t(a_nz^n+..+a_0)$ then in $mathbb{R}^3$ it would be contiunous and smooth as in your proof above. But you can actually check, this function is not even continous on $S^2$
    – Bajo Fondo
    Nov 30 at 19:36















up vote
0
down vote










up vote
0
down vote









First write $z=x+iy$ and $a_k=b_k+ic_k$ for all $k$. Then we can rearrange $F(x,y,t)=a_n(x+iy)^n+t(a_{n-1}(x+iy)^{n-1}+...+a_0)$ so that $F(x,y,t)=u(x,y,t)+iv(x,y,t)$, where the component functions $u$ and $v$ are elements of $mathbb{R}[x,y,t]$. Then, since $u$ and $v$ are just polynomials in several variables, they are infinitely differentiable in each variable. It follows that $F$ is also inifinitely differentiable in each variable. So $F:mathbb{R}^3tomathbb{R}^2$ is smooth.






share|cite|improve this answer












First write $z=x+iy$ and $a_k=b_k+ic_k$ for all $k$. Then we can rearrange $F(x,y,t)=a_n(x+iy)^n+t(a_{n-1}(x+iy)^{n-1}+...+a_0)$ so that $F(x,y,t)=u(x,y,t)+iv(x,y,t)$, where the component functions $u$ and $v$ are elements of $mathbb{R}[x,y,t]$. Then, since $u$ and $v$ are just polynomials in several variables, they are infinitely differentiable in each variable. It follows that $F$ is also inifinitely differentiable in each variable. So $F:mathbb{R}^3tomathbb{R}^2$ is smooth.







share|cite|improve this answer












share|cite|improve this answer



share|cite|improve this answer










answered Nov 29 at 16:39









Prototank

1,015820




1,015820












  • Does $F$ being smooth from $mathbb{R}^3$ to $mathbb{R}^2$ assures smoothness in $S^2 times [0,1]$ to $S^2$?
    – Bajo Fondo
    Nov 29 at 23:22












  • Think about it this way, if $F$ was defined as in $F(z,t)=t(a_nz^n+..+a_0)$ then in $mathbb{R}^3$ it would be contiunous and smooth as in your proof above. But you can actually check, this function is not even continous on $S^2$
    – Bajo Fondo
    Nov 30 at 19:36




















  • Does $F$ being smooth from $mathbb{R}^3$ to $mathbb{R}^2$ assures smoothness in $S^2 times [0,1]$ to $S^2$?
    – Bajo Fondo
    Nov 29 at 23:22












  • Think about it this way, if $F$ was defined as in $F(z,t)=t(a_nz^n+..+a_0)$ then in $mathbb{R}^3$ it would be contiunous and smooth as in your proof above. But you can actually check, this function is not even continous on $S^2$
    – Bajo Fondo
    Nov 30 at 19:36


















Does $F$ being smooth from $mathbb{R}^3$ to $mathbb{R}^2$ assures smoothness in $S^2 times [0,1]$ to $S^2$?
– Bajo Fondo
Nov 29 at 23:22






Does $F$ being smooth from $mathbb{R}^3$ to $mathbb{R}^2$ assures smoothness in $S^2 times [0,1]$ to $S^2$?
– Bajo Fondo
Nov 29 at 23:22














Think about it this way, if $F$ was defined as in $F(z,t)=t(a_nz^n+..+a_0)$ then in $mathbb{R}^3$ it would be contiunous and smooth as in your proof above. But you can actually check, this function is not even continous on $S^2$
– Bajo Fondo
Nov 30 at 19:36






Think about it this way, if $F$ was defined as in $F(z,t)=t(a_nz^n+..+a_0)$ then in $mathbb{R}^3$ it would be contiunous and smooth as in your proof above. But you can actually check, this function is not even continous on $S^2$
– Bajo Fondo
Nov 30 at 19:36




















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